INTRODUCTION.
It cannot be gainsaid that the ruling desire and central aim of all animate objects consist in absolute freedom from Pain and unrestrained enjoyment of what constitutes Happiness. There are three kinds of Pain; natural and inseparable (Ādhyātmika), natural and extrinsic (Ādhibhautika), and superhuman (Ādhidaivika). Ādhyātmika pain is again subdivided into two classes, corporeal and mental. That which arises from disorder of the wind, bile, and phlegm, such as fever, flux or cholera is called corporeal and that which originates from anger, covetousness, folly, madness and envy is known as mental pain. Pain which is brought about by men, cattle, wild beasts and reptiles is known by the appellation of Ādhibhautika. What is termed as Adhidaivika pain arises from cold, heat, rain, thunderbolt and the like.
This threefold pain, which is closely connected with the three capacities of mental operation, namely, "Concretion and imagination, self-arrogation and appropriation and judgment (collectively called Antahkarana)", and drowns, so to say, the voice of instinct, is a constant attendant on all animate objects, and liberation therefrom is impossible to be attained to, unless proper means (Upāyas) are resorted to for its remedy.
