The probability seems to be, that the author of the Das'arûpavaloka quoted the stanza from memory**, and in doing so, quoted the reading of his copy of the Mudrârâkshasa, wrongly attributing it to the Bhartŗiharis'ataka. Upon the question which arises with reference to these identical stanzas occurring in different and independent works, I have nothing to add to the remarks which I have elsewhere made, and which are already in print*|. In the particular case which we have here to deal with, I can see no alternative other than the theory of plagiarism on the one hand, and what may be called the Subhâshita theory on the other. The former is not a probable one, especially in such a case as this*|. The latter therefore, is the only one that we can adopt.
The names of the various peoples mentioned in the Mudrârâkshasa deserve a few words in this Introduction. Those names areas follows:-Śaka, Yavana, Kirâta, Kâmboja, Pârasîka, Bâhlîka, (which all occur in the second Act), Khas'a, Magadha, Gândhara, China, Hûya, Kaulûta, (which occur in the fifth Act), and Mlechchha on which some remarks have already been made$$. It is unnecessary, in this place, to go into any elaborate examination of all that has been said with respect to these various names. I will indicate only in a general way what these names are commonly understood to signify, and give references in the notes to the principal sources of information. The S'akas appear to have been a tribe inhabiting the countries on the north-west frontier of India-"between the Indus and the sea." They are spoken of by the classical writers under the name Sacœ, and have been thought
- Cf. on the observations in West and Bibler's Digest of Hindu Latr, p. 528
(20d ed.); Mr. Mandlik (Hindu Lavy, pp. 368, 389.) disputes the suggestion there made about Mitra Mis'ra quoting from memory as being without "authority." The suggestion seems to me, however, to be a very probable one as a general observation. Cf. J. B. B. R. A. S, Vol. X., 370; and Eggeling's Ganaratpamahodadhi, pp 33, 182, where the quotation from the Kiráta and the Venisamhara were probably made from memory. See our Bhartŗihari Preface, p. 21, and the Tractate on the Râmâyaņa there reierted to. ++ See Hall's Vâsavadattâ, Preface, P. 15. $ Sce also as to Mlechchhas. J. B. B.R.A.S. VOL. VI p. 114, and extra number for 1877, p. Ixxxii; Max Můller, India; What it can teach us, pp. 282 299; Cunnigham's Arch. Surv. Renort. Vol. II. p. 70; Burgess's Arch. Surt. Report, Vol. II, p. 26; Brihatsamhitâ, Chan. XVI., st. 35, (where they are described as dwellers in caves, &c.). Professor Kern renders the word by "barbarians",at J. R. A. S., (N. S.), Vol. V., p. 235.
