only lightly touch on internal sandhi as it affects the declension of formed words. In these notes, the breve ( " ) above the vowel indicates a short measure only, and the macron ( " ) long measure only; combined ( ~ ) they indicate a long OR short vowel. Also V stands for any vowel, unless explicitly restricted. 10. A. 2 Guna and Vrddhi The grammatical terms guna ('secondary form') and vrddhi ('increase') can be considered as degrees of strengthening of the three primary vowels. Panini defines guna as the three vowels 3^^ and 3TT, and vrddhi as 3TT^ and 3JT, and also gives the means for deriving the strengthened forms of the other two simple vowels ^f and simple vowel a a f 1 u r I 2 guna form a a e o ar al vrddhi form a a ai au ar al 3 1 The breve (") and macron ( ) diacritical marks, used together ( ) indicate a long OR short measure of the vowel. 2 In the grammatical formation of words, the dirgha measure c£ does not occur. 3 The vrddhi form of <?, namely 3rflrt, does not arise in the grammar. A useful way of considering guna, is the strengthening of the five simple vowels by the addition of a single measure of 3T (so as to leave 3T itself unchanged), and vrddhi as the strengthening of the guna by the addition of a further measure of 3T. This process has been described in Section l.A.5. 10.A.3 Vowel Sandhi Vowel sandhi, as you would expect, arises when a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, in the same sentence or line of poetry: a vowel final is not changed before a consonant or in pausa, for example, at the end of a sentence. There are only six principles that cover all cases: it is not necessary to learn these, but what is important is to understand them, and that means to work through each principle — in sound — and understand that they are simply statements of the obvious.
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