24 SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, AND APABHRAN^A
side, 1 despite the objections raised from time to time by gram- marians and sticklers for purity in. the use of the sacred language in sacrificial matters. 2 Thus, though Classical Sanskrit lost many of the words and roots recorded in the Ganapatha and the Dhatupatha associated with Panini's grammar, it was enriched by numerous additions, some easy, others difficult, of detection. In many cases the Prakrit forms were taken over with only the neces- sary changes requisite to make them seem to have terminations allowed in Sanskrit. It appears as if even Panini a recognized this practice, since he allows eastern place-names to pass as correct though having the Prakrit e and o for the regular ai and au which his rules require. In other cases the retention of the Prakrit form was aided by the possibility of regarding the form as genuine Sanskrit ; thus the poetic technical term vicchitti^ really from viksiptif in all likelihood seemed to be derivable from w- chid ; Krsna's epithet Govinda, perhaps Prakrit fox gopendra, was felt asgo-vinda, winner of cows ; in late texts bhadanta, from the phrase of greeting bhadram te, is defended as from bhad with the suffix anta, and uttr is not recognized as from avatr through Prakrit otarati ; duruttara, hard to Overcome, really from Prakrit duttara for dustara, was felt as dur-uttara. In many cases, doubt- less, Prakrit words were correctly rendered into good Sanskrit equivalents, in which case borrowing cannot now be established. In others, however, the process is betrayed by false forms ; thus Prakrit marisa, friend, where s stands for g, was mechanically made into marisa ; guccha, for the lost grpsa, became gutsa, cluster ; masina, Sanskrit mrtsna, reappeared as masrna, soft ; rukkka, 5 for ruksa or rather vrksa, ruksa, tree ; and hettha, from adhastat, gave by reconstruction fiesta. A common formation in Jain texts is vidhyai, go out, which is based on Prakrit vijjhai, from Sanskrit viksai; similarly vikurv, produce by magic, is traced through viuvvai, viuvvae to vikr. Later there are borrowings from vernaculars such as GujaratI or MarathI or
1 Zachariae, Beitr. z. Lexikogr., pp. 53 ff.
2 See Qabarasvamin and .Rumania on Mimahsd Sutra, i. 3, 24 ff. ; Sarasvati- ianthabharana, i. 16 ; Mahabhasya, i. 5. * i. I. 75.
4 Zachariae, B. Beitr., xiii. 93 ; cf. argala (IA. xix. 59) through aggala for agralaka ; Kielhorn, GN. 1903, p. 308.
- See Hultzsch, CII. i, pp. lxxff., contra Turner, JRAS. 1925, p. 177. I agree with
Oldenberg that in RV. vi. 3. 7 ruksa is not = vrksa.
