CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN LITERATURE 25
Hindi. 1 Often, of course, the Sanskrit version has been ingeni- ously made to appear valid In itself, as when pabbhdra is meta- morphosed into prdgbhdra, though prahvara is its origin.
Occasionally we find the process of Sanskritization applied to what was really Sanskrit ; probably thus are to be explained prasabham, violently, from pra-sah ; Naghusa for the older proper name Nahusaj varsabhu, frog, for varsdhu.
From foreign sources borrowings also occurred naturally enough in those cases where, as in the Dekhan or Further India, Sanskrit was used side by side with a native speech. Kumarila permits the incorporation of Dravidian terms, provided that they are given SanskrifHerminations, and names especially such as Sayana were freely thus Sanskritized. The / which marks South Indian texts 2 in lieu of the d and / of the north is doubtless in part due to Dravidian influence. On the other hand, invasions from the north brought early and late Iranian words such as lipi, writing, Old Persian dipt, 3 ksatrapa, satrap, and perhaps mudrd, seal,* or divira, scribe, mihira, Mithra, bahadura, sdka, and sdhi. The Greek invasions in the north left little trace in the language, but probably later India borrowed surungd from syrinx in the technical sense of an underground passage, and a large number of terms of astrology. Many of these they ingeniously altered to seem true Sanskrit, as when for hydrochoos we find hrdroga, or jdmitra for diametron. With similar ingenuity the useful camel was metamorphosed into kramela? suggesting connexion with kram, go. The Mahomedan invasion brought with it Arabic and Turkish terms, and the European powers have contributed occasional additions to the modern Sanskrit vocabulary, testify- ing to its capacity of assimilation. The scientific literature in special has shown its willingness to appropriate the terms used by those from whom knowledge has been acquired, together with considerable skill in disguising the loan.
1 Cf. Bloomfield, Festschrift Wackemagel, pp. 320-30 ; Hertel, HOS. xii. 29 f.
' Luders, Festschrift Wackernagel, p. 295.
3 Buhler, Ind. Stud., lii. 21 ff.; Hultzsch, CIL i, p. xlii.
- Franke, ZDMG. xlvi. 731 ff. Hala has vandi, captive. Cf. Weber, Monatsber.
Bert. Ak., 1879, pp. 810 ff.
5 L4vi {De Graecis vet. Ind. Men., p. 56) doubts this, but the word is late; lopaka (awmj() is different, as lopafa is Vedic. Hala has kalama (/niXa/ios) and tnaragaa (aptipan/Sos).
