PHONOLOGY 99 tika ‘ commentary damara- ' uproar ' and dhakkd ' a large drum ' . §18. Miscellaneous Changes The phonetic changes undergone by a language are for the most part subject to general laws, but when all has been done to elucidate these some exceptions will remain. For instance one can hardly doubt that Skt. kiia- f hair ' is the equivalent of Av. gaesa - ‘ id since an associated u- stem is available in both cases (Av. gaesav- : cf. Skt. kesav-a-). Contamination with kesara- ' mane ' (cf. I at, caesaries) may explain the change in Sanskrit. Such sporadic changes are found more abundantly in the case of certain consonant combinations. The combination pi normally remains when l does not become r [plu- ‘ swim, float ') but it is changed to kl in kloman- * lung ' as opposed to Gk. Trhevfjiaiv, Lat. pulmb 1 id * (the original meaning was
- swimmer, that which floats '), and in viklava- r distressed * as
opposed to viplava -, vipluta In the case of trp- ' to steal ' IE klep (Gk. Goth, hlifan , etc.) has been altered to tlep : a confusion of the groups kl and tl is common the world over. A similar change of the occlusive, also sporadic, is found in the case of the group -in-. It remains normally (rain a-, pdtni) but in the feminines of certain adjectives in -ita it appears changed to -kn- : dsikni, pdlikni {dsita- * black palitd- ‘ grey-haired ') Later examples of this tendency are seen in Pkt. savakkt (be- side savattx) ' co-wife Panj. saukkan, and in Panj. arak ' elbow 1 (aratni-). The sibilants are liable to certain changes when in proximity to one another. Initial s was changed to s in Sanskrit when i followed in the next syllable : svdsura - 1 father-in-law ' ; Av. x y asura- t Gk. €Kvpos, Lat. socer ; smasru - 1 beard ' ; cf. Lith. smakrd , Ir. smech * chin The same assimilation in the reverse order is seen in said- ‘ hare 1 for *sasa- : cf. Khotanese saha- f Germ. Hase, Engl. hare. On the other hand s is preserved in the roots sds- and ia$~ because the change was impossible in forms like i&sti, iasta - (but cf. iaiana- for sdsana - in the N.W. Prakrit). There is also a change of s to s when s follows : iu$ka- f dry ' : Av. huska-, ilaksna - * soft Pers. laSin r cf. Gk, Aa yvos, Xayapos, Lat. laxus, Engl, slack ; Ms- ‘ to adhere slesman - ' phlegm cf. Engl, slime , etc. Since in cases where a final s has disappeared an initial s is re-
