पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/११८

PH ONOLOGY III ‘ to cross pipdrti 4 fills ' ; (2) tarayati 4 causes to cross ' ; (3) tirnd- 1 crossed purnd - ‘ filled (7) When n and m were followed by H the result in Sanskrit is in the first case a y in the second case -an- (examples occur only before t). Hence the apophony sandfi : said- ; damyati , damdyati, ddnta (8) There are some deceptive cases where no real apophony is involved. An example is pd-tum 4 to drink 1 ; p-itd - ' drunk Here the i of the second form is suffixal and therefore cannot be in apophonic relationship to the radical d of the first form. (9) Roots consisting of more than two consonants admit of two types of guna grade : (1) variate 4 turns etc., (2) trdsati 4 is afraid etc. Usually roots belong to one or the other type and keep to this in the guna grade (and in vrddhi which follows the guna in this respect) but double forms occur in some cases, e.g. from drs- 4 to see " we have the series ; Weak grade drstd guna 1 darsdyati, guna 2 draksyami , vrddhi 1 ddrsanika vrddhi 2 adraksam . (10) Final vrddhied forms terminating in semivowel, liquid or nasal may lose this final element : sdkha 4 friend ' (acc. sdkhdyam , stem sdkhi -), dsmd 4 stone J (acc. dsmdnam , stem dsman-), ddtti 1 giver*' (acc, ddtdram , voc. ddtar p dat. ddtre, etc.). The tendency is found elsewhere in Indo-European (Lat. sermo , etc.) but nowhere as consistently as in Sanskrit (e.g. Gk. TiaTjjp, Lat. pater beside Skt. pita). This vocalic gradation was connected with the Indo-European accent. In Sanskrit the connection between alternation of grade and alternation of accent is clear from many examples : imi ‘ 1 go ' : ini as ‘ we go ' ; srotnm ‘ to hear J : irutd - r heard 1 ; dsti 4 is 1 : sdnti 4 are ’ (Lat, est, sunt) ; hdnii 4 slays * : ghndnti 4 they slay ' (Hitt, kuenzi : kunanzi) ; dtti 4 eats ' (ad-ti) : ddnt - ‘ tooth ’ ( ( eater '). From such examples it is clear that the zero grade is due to the unaccented position of the syllable, and that the guna grade is properly the grade of the accented syllable. There are of course many examples in Sanskrit, as in other languages where accent and apophony do not agree, e.g. Skt. vfka- 1 wolf fksa- 4 bear tfna- 1 grass vipra - ‘ sage, brahmin These however create no difficulty since it is known that in many cases the position of the accent has changed in course of time. This is obviously the case in the examples quoted since they are all in origin adjectival formations (e.g.