THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 129 and Av. aSairx ' below ' beside the *adhar adv. which is implied by the adjectival derivative ddhara - * lower Neuter stems in -at not otherwise preserved form the basis of a small class of denominative verbs in the Vedic language : rathary dti 4 rides in a chariot fratharyati 4 becomes loose implying *rdthar nt. * riding in a chariot ’ and *srathar nt. 4 looseness ' ; cf. vadharydti 4 smites with a weapon ' beside vadhar. There are parallel denominative verbs from the corres- ponding n-stems : vipanyd- 4 to be wise, inspired ’ (cf. also ~ vipanyA, vipanyu and with - 7 - vipra- 4 inspired, wise '), bhuranyd - 4 be turbulent, agitated/ (r-stem in Lat. furor), etc. There are various secondary formations testifying to the exist- ence of old neuter r-stems. The curious formations dhaiirita - n. 4 horse's trot ' and ddhorana - m. 4 elephant driver which turn up in later Sanskrit can be explained as denominative formations on the basis of an old neuter noun *dhavar 4 running The Vedic vrddhied derivative jamarya- 4 earthly ' is based on a /
- jdmar 4 earth 4 corresponding to Av. zzrnar- 4 id.' ( j - as in jmd t (
jmris, etc.). A neuter *svdtar 4 whiteness, white spot ' is implied > by the derivatives ivaitarx 4 having an (auspicious) white mark ' l { (a cow) and svetra- nt. 4 white leprosy and the alternating / n-stem appears in the extension svetanA fern. 4 dawn ‘ / / Since Skt. r represents both r and / of Indo-European, IE J stems in 4, which functioned precisely as r-stems, cannot be ^ distinguished from r-stems in Sanskrit, except by comparison with other languages. Such a stem is found in svdr (suvar) c < w 4 sun ', gen. sg. suras (cf. Lat. sol „ Goth, sauil, etc.). The hetero- clitic declension which is absent in Sanskrit appears in other languages (Av, x v btg<*svan$, gen. sg., etc.). Some of the r- stems mentioned above appear by comparison with other lan- guages to have been originally Z-stems : mdhar- : Gk. fieya Ao- ; Av. zwnar- : cf. Gk. Lat. humilis , etc, ; Av. rdzar ? : Lat. regula . The denominative verb saparydti 4 serves, honours, worships ' is like Latin sepelio 4 bury 1 ( 4 honour with funeral rites ') derived from an old IE neuter *scpel 4 honouring, wor- shipping ' derived from the root sep- t Skt. sap- 4 honour, serve.' The /-extension to the suffix n, which appears in Gpeek (outfaro?), etc,, is absent in Sanskrit (tidhnas, etc.), but in Seme derivative forms an additional /-suffix is found which may be connected with the extension / of the Greek neuters : vasantd- 4 spring', cf. vasar p , veiantd- 4 pond ' ( > fvis4j t bhuvanti
