THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 185 way as in the ^-declension. As with the «-stems the adjectival declension has spread at the expense of the nominal, and to an even greater extent. As with the suffixes previously dealt with, thematic adjectives could be made on the basis of i- and w-stems, and this served as an alternative to the type with accented suffix. Thus Lat. socius ‘ ally ' bears the same relation to Skt. sdkhi nom, sg. sakhd ' friend ' (cf. the old neuter stem preserved as adverb, sdci), as Hitt, vestaras to Av. vdstar- or Gk. larpos to lanjp. The suffix -ya is very frequent and at an early period in Indo- European it developed widely as an independent §uffix, so that the connection with f-stems has for the most part ceased to exist. The way the suffix originated is made clear by such examples in Sanskrit as urmyci - ‘ undulating sfnya- * furnished with a sickle kavyd - ' wise dvya- ' coming from a sheep bhumyd- ' terrestrial ’, yonyd- ‘ forming a receptacle aryd-
- kind, devoted, pious ', which have corresponding f-s terns
(urmi-, sfni- t kavi- t dvi- t bhumi yoni- t art -). The suffix, originating in this way, became widespread at an early period producing adjectives meaning ‘ belonging to , connected with In the case of thematic stems the suffix is substituted for the thematic suffix. In the case of a word like ajrya - ‘ belonging to the plain ' (Gk. aypios ‘ wild ’) the derivative could have been formed on the old neuter r-stem (ager) from which djra- and Gk. dypos are themselves derived. It is in some such way that this type of substitution must have been evolved. In the case of the derivative -ya the accent in Sanskrit may appear either on the suffix or on the root : (a) ngrya agriyd- ‘ foremost divyd- ' heavenly ’ (cf. Gk. Scos), satyd - ' true grdmyd - ' of the village somyd - f relating to Soma rdjyd - ‘ regal ' (Lat. regius), ; (b) dngya - ' of the limbs gdvya- ' bovine ', nary a- 1 manly jdmbhya- ' an incisor tooth ' (Gk. yopbpios), ksamya - ‘ terrestrial ' (Gk. x^wlos), pitrya - 1 paternal ’ (Gk. TTarpios, Lat. patrius), surya - ' sun 7 (Gk. iJe'Aios, t^Aios), vdnya- 1 belonging to the forest etc. This suffix, associated with accented root, is commonly used to produce adjectives from verbal roots which function as gerundives : guhya 4 to be hidden tdya - 4 to be worshipped yodhya- 4 to be fought havya- * to be invoked jdyya-, jdya- ' to be conquered vacya - 4 to be spoken etc. Vrddhied derivatives appear abundantly from the earliest
