पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/२४०

234 THE DECLENSION of nouns examples remain in the Veda of the alternative type (dvyas, mddhvas ) . Locative Singular. Three types of locative singular are found in Sanskrit, illustrated by the alternative forms of locative of the word for ' eye ’ : aksan , aksdni, aksni . Their chronology appears to be in this order. The type aksni is the latest. According to the grammarians the locative of n-stems may be in -ani or -ni (r&jani, rdjni ; sakthdni, sakthni ), but in the lan- guage of the Rgveda the latter type does not appear, and is therefore clearly an innovation. It is due to an analogical tendency to put the loc. sg. on the same footing as the other oblique cases by accenting the termination and weakening the suffix. In 'many of the consonantal stems this tendency had already become general in the pre-Vedic period ( ddati, bhdga- vati f vidusi , etc.), but the older type with accent and guna of suffix is preserved in the tfw-stems, in r-stems [svdsari, pitdri), to which certain monosyllabic stems can be added : ksami, dydvi (beside divt). The oldest form, the locative without ending, appears in n- stems ( dhan , murdhdn, sirsdn ; cf. Gk. allv * always and in- finitives like So/xcf, etc.), and in the vrddhied forms of the t- and westerns. It also appears sporadically elsewhere, e.g. in parut ‘ last year ' as opposed to Gk. Trdpvai, irdpvri, a compound whose last member {-ut) is the weak form of the wet that appears in Hitt, wett Gk. Feros ‘ year In Avestan there appears a locative without ending from a root noun man - 1 mind ' in the phrase mm ca daidydi 4 and to put in the mind, remember The locative in -i is based on the older locative without end- ing, to which a suffix or particle has been added. This pro- duces a clearer form which tends to oust the earlier form with- out ending, but the process is not yet complete by the Vedic period. To a large extent this form of locative preserves the accent and guna of the suffix which characterised the form without ending, and it is thus sharply differentiated from the genitive and dative singular with their accented termination. At the same time analogy has tended to adapt the loc. sg. to their type, in some cases in the prehistoric period ( adati , etc.) and in other cases during the history of Sanskrit itself ( rdjfii , etc.). The suffixal accent of the old locatives without ending is parallel to that which has been observed to occur in adverbs based on neuter stems (prdtdr, etc.).