CHAPTER VI NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLIN ABLES §i. Numerals The Sanskrit numerals from i-iooo are inherited from Indo- European. They are constructed on the decimal system, the numerals i-io being the foundation of the whole series. The numerals from i-io are adjectives, as also 11-19 which are com- pounded with ddsa ' ten The higher numbers are properly collective nouns, though a tendency to treat them as adjectives appears as the language develops. The numbers from 1-4 are fully inflected in the three genders ; those from 6-10 are defective and appear originally to have been uninflected. 1. Two roots appear as the basis of the numeral 1 in Indo- European, of which the one ioi-) appears to have had the mean- ing of ' alone the other {sent-) that of ‘ together In Sanskrit dka- f one ' is formed from the first root with the suffix - ka , and it is declined according to the pronominal declension. The only form exactly corresponding is the Aryan aika- which is found in the Hittite documents. Elsewhere different suffixes appear ; Av. aeva Gk. oto? f alone 1 ; Lat. unus, O. Ir, din, Goth. ains. The root sent - provides this numeral in Greek (efe, ^ua • *sems,
- smia) and Tocharian (A. sas, B. seme). This root appears in
Sanskrit in its reduced form (sm-) in sakft 1 once ' (: Av. hakdrdt), and in compounds of the type samanas- 1 of one mind, the same mind The adjectives samd samiind- f same ' are derived from it. 2. The numeral dvau (: Gk. SJo>, Lat. duo, O. SI. dva , etc.) is like the normal dual of an tf-stem : N.A. nt. dvd (; O. SI. dvi), I.D. Ab, dvdbhyam, G.L. dvdyos (: O. SI. dvoju) . The uninflected thematic stem appears in the Gk. variant 5 vo. There is an alternative stem formed by means of the suffix -i, which appears in compounds {dvi pad- * two-footed Gk. Sittovs, Lat. bipes) and in various derivatives (dvittya- 1 second etc.). Beside the numeral proper there is a stem ubhd- ‘ both ' which inflects in the same way. The exact nature of its relation to Gk. 258
