NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLIN ABLES 267 bhyatn (: Av. yuimaibyd ) ; asmdt (: Av. ahmat ), yusmdt (: Av. yusmat, xsmal ) . For the accusative the simple uninflected base was originally used as in the Greek forms quoted above and in Avestan dhmd, ahma. The introduction of the termination -an is an innovation of Sanskrit. The original (singular) ending of the instr. pi. is preserved in Av. xsmd, and also in Vedic in a few compounds, like yusma-datta - ‘ given by you The long -d- of asmabhis, yusmdbkis is derived from this form of instrumental, and from here it has been introduced into the loc. pi. : asmasu , yusmdsu . The forms of the gen. pi , asm akam, yusmakam (: Av. ahmaksm-, O. Pers. amdxam ; Av. yusmakzm) are based on the adjectival stems asm aka- and yusmaka- which still function as such in the RV. The original form, which still occurs occasionally in the Vedic language, was the untnflected stem as in tava, and the -m as elsewhere is a later addition. An earlier form of the locative, asmS, yusmi appears in the Vedic texts, with the peculiarity that it can be used also as dative and genitive. This archaic characteristic of combining the meanings of several cases indicates that the forms are ancient, though nothing exactly parallel is quotable elsewhere. Only one form of enclitic appears in the plural, nas , vas , which serves as acc. dat. gen. In Avestan the corresponding no, V9, vo, serve only as dat. -gen. while for the acc. there appear forms with a long vowel, nd, va. These correspond in form to Lat. nos , vos and 0. SI. ny, vy. In classical Sanskrit three case-forms are distinguished in the dual of the personal pronouns, as elsewhere. In the Vedic language more numerous distinctions are found. The nomina- tive dvdm, yuvdm are distinguished from the accusative avdm , yuvdm . The ablative forms dvdt and yuvdt appear. A separate instrumental is attested by compounds of the type yuva-datta-
- given by you two The uninflected adjectival stem yuvaku is
found functioning as gen. du. In Avestan there exists a gen. du. yavakdm more closely parallel to the forms of the plural. The forms of the dative and locative, yuvdbhydm , yuvds are replaced by more regularised forms in the classical language : yuvd- bhydm , yuvdyos. The nom. du. yuvdm is formed from the same radical element as the nom, pi. The unextended form is seen in Lith. jit-du 4 you two For the first person a nom. du. vdm is attested once
