NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLINABLES 277 O. Pers. gen. pi. imaiSam), Middle Indo-Aryan (Pa. imassa , etc.), and in Buddhist * and other incorrect forms of Sanskrit (imesu, etc.). The stem a - appears in the D.G. Ab. L. sg., in accordance with Avestan [ahmdi, ahmat, ahydjahe , ahtni, fem. ahydi, etc.) with the normal corresponding forms in the instr. pi. etc. (ebhis : Av, aeibis ; fem. dbhts, : Ay. dbis, etc.). In the Vedic language the instr. sg. appears as end, fem. ayd, and the gen. loc. du. as ayos. These are (allowing for the alternation -a Id in kina, etc., as opposed to end) the normal thematic endings, and the stem therefore is a-. On the other hand in the classical language these are replaced by andna, andyd, andyos . In Avestan there is an instr. sg. and, formed like kana, etc., from the stem a-, and corresponding to it there is a Vedic adverb ana 4 therefore It seems that the stem ana-, on which the above Sanskrit forms and the Av. instr. pi. andis are made, originated in this form and. On the other hand there is in Slavonic a pronoun onu which can be compared. It is possible that the Slavonic pro- noun has arisen by the generalisation of a stem which arose in the same way as Indo-Iranian ana-. There is a difference of accentuation between this pronoun and the corresponding forms of the normal pronominal declen- sion ( asyd as opposed to tdsya, etc.), which is apparently due to a generalisation of the final accentuation of aydm * As an anaphoric pronoun ( asntai 4 to him etc.) the cases of the ci- stern are unaccented. A variety of adverbial forms are made, on the basis of the pronominal stems a- and i - : dir a 1 there 1 (; Av. adrd)^ dtas 4 from there ida (: Av. iSa), iddnlm 1 now ihd 4 here ’ (Av. ida, t8a, O. Pers. ida), itthdm 4 thus ', etc. The only part of the asau pronoun for which anything corre- sponding can be found in another language is the nom. sg. asau. Corresponding to this Iranian has Av. hdu, O. Pers. hauv, but in the other cases it uses the stem ava-, which has become almost extinct in Sanskrit. The most likely explanation of
- sau is that it consists of the pronouns, sa, sd and a particle -aw
indicating distance. In the same way the acc. anium may be explained as replacing am-u, with a variant grade of the same particle. The am- would originally be the acc, sg. of the pro- nominal stem a-, the specific sense of the pronoun (‘ that over there ') being provided by the added element -w. Once this is
