THE VERB 29O in pdyate, etc.). Similar extended roots are inv- 7 to send ’ (: 1 -) and jinv- 7 to quicken 7 (: ji-). From present stems in -va a number of roots ending in -v are created : jiv- 7 to live 7 , pres. jivaii (: simple root in gdya- 1 livelihood, belongings '), dhurv - 7 to injure 7 (: dhvr-), tiirv- 7 to overcome 7 {: //-) and bharv- 7 to chew 7 for which no simpler form exists. Accretions of this type are of comparatively recent origin, and it is quite clear how they have arisen from particular stem forms that are current in the verbal conjugation. Besides them there exists another class of extended roots, of much more ancient date, containing accretions whose functions it is for the most part no longer possible to discern. These elements are fairly easily recognisable, either through the coexistence of a simpler form of the root, or by the existence of synonymous roots which differ only in the final element. They are identical with the individual suffixes which have been enumerated in treating of the formation of nouns, and may conveniently be enumerated in the same order ; -arjr : dhar- (dhr-) 7 to hold 7 (i.e. dh-ar cf. dha-), svar - 7 to sound ' (: cf. svan- 7 id 7 with alternating -n). -an : ksan- 7 to wound 7 (: sas - 7 to cut 7 : Gk. KreLvay for
- kstenyo has compound suffix -ten- alternating with -ter- in
KTtpts ' veKpol), svan- 7 to sound J (see above), khan- 7 to dig ' (i.e. kn-an cf. khd- without w- suffix, likewise dkhu- 'mole 7 and akhard- masc. 7 hole 7 with alternating r). -as/s : tras- 7 to fear Gk. rpdoj (: Lat. tremo), bhyas- 1 to fear 7 (: bhl- ‘ id ’), gras - f to devour ' (gf- 7 to swallow 7 ), dhvas - 1 to scatter 1 (dhu- 7 to shake 7 ), srus- ' to hear 7 , O. SI. slysati, Toch. klyos etc. (: normally sru- 7 id Gk. kAu-, etc.), aks-, naks- 7 to attain 7 (: as-, nas - 7 id 7 ), nks- 7 to sprinkle ' (: Gk. vypos ‘ wet etc.), niks- 7 to pierce 7 (: O. SI. vu-nizQ "id 7 ), bhaks- 7 to partake of, eat 7 (: bhaj- 7 to divide, share 7 ), miks- 7 to mix 7 (: misrd- 7 mixed 7 ), mrks- 7 to rub 7 (: mrj- 7 wipe Gk. 6p,opyvvp.L t etc.), raks- 7 to protect 7 , Gk. ahefa 7 to ward off 7 (: Gk. dAaA/ceu' 7 id 7 , AS. ealgian 7 to protect f ) ; vaks- 7 to in- crease 7 , Gk. de£cn (: Lat. auged 7 id etc.,) has- 7 to go forth 7 (: ha- 7 id 7 ). In contrast with most of the extensions the suffix s plays a considerable part in the conjugation of the verb, and this no doubt accounts for the comparative frequency of such forms. -am 1 dram - 7 to run Gk. eS pap,ov (: drd Gk. StSpa<j/coi ; dru- ' id '), gam- 7 to go Goth, qiman, etc. (: gd- 7 id Gk, t/Jd ;
