पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३०६

THE VERB 300 singular and 3. plural. Of these the forms of the 3. sing, and plur, have originally evolved from injunctive forms by the addition to such forms of a particle -u : vahatu from vahat + u. The forms of the 2. 3. dual and 2, plural are unaltered injunc- tive forms. The forms of the first person in the later language are subjunctives which have been incorporated in the impera- tive system ; they do not belong to this system in the earlier language. The imperative expresses commands just as the in- junctive may do, but it is not used in the other senses which the injunctive has. It is also used more commonly in this sense than the injunctive. Subjunctive. Morphologically the subjunctive arises by the evolution of a particular kind of injunctive. It is natural there- fore that its sphere of meaning should correspond in general to that of the injunctive. Like the injunctive the subjunctive may be used (1) simply in a future sense : prd nu voed suidstt vdm 1 I will now praise you two at the libations ", uvisa usa ucchac ca nu 1 Dawn has shone forth (in the past) and she will shine forth now ' ; (2) equivalent to an imperative ; a vdm vahantu . . . divah y pibdtho asmd madhuni f let your horses bring you here and drink ye draughts of mead with us ' ; (3) in the expression of a wish : pari no helo vdrunasya vrjydh t urum na indrah krnavad u lokdm 1 may the wrath of Varuna avoid us, may Indra procure for us a wide space While the sphere of the subjunctive coincides with that of the injunctive, there is a difference of emphasis inasmuch as the future meaning is much more prominent in the case of the subjunctive. The subjunc- tive is, in fact, the normal means of expressing the future in the Vedic language. There are also certain important syntactical differences between the use of the two moods. The injunctive for instance is alone used to express prohibitions in connection with mi. Another important difference is that the injunctive is rarely used in subordinate clauses (relative, conditional, etc.). On the other hand the use of the subjunctive is very widely developed in this connection, and even more distinctively so in the related languages, whence the name of the mood. Optative . The optative differs from the moods so far de- scribed in that it is formed on the basis of a special stem formed by the suffix yd/%. Its original meaning appears to have been the expression of a wish (from which its name is derived) and this meaning is well preserved in Sanskrit : vaydm syama pdtayo