पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३२२

THE VERB 3i6 of the Sanskrit forms, is remarkably heterogeneous, and its study is made more complicated by the existence in Indo- European of two distinct types, one (Hittite, Italic, Celtic, Tocharian) which makes extensive use of an element r in its formation, and another (Indo-Iranian, Greek, Germanic) which ignores this element. At the same time there is a nucleus of forms, as instanced above, which bridge the gap between the two types. Among the oldest forms we can observe several types. (1) In the 3rd person a thematic variation of the same suffix serves as the middle ending : dkar(t) ; dkrta ; dbharan{t) : dbharanta ; duhiir : aduhra . (2) In the 1st person dual and plural the middle ending is formed by the addition of particles (Skt. -hi<*dhi y Gk. Oa<*dha) to a form of the active ending. The Greek alternation -fiedaj-fieoda, which contains as its first element two variant forms of the active ending (cf. Skt, -mas and -ma), makes this quite clear. Hitt, -waita, with the -w- that elsewhere appears in the dual, but in Hitt, in the plural, is naturally to be explained in the same way as Gk. -fie uQa. )3) In the 2nd plur. an ending which is quite different from the active ending is used. The 2nd sg. -thus is likewise quite dif- ferent from the active but it is clearly connected with the perfect active ending -tha. The final s may be explained as a secondary addition, since -s characterises the 2nd person else- where. The relation between *-thd and -tha is apparently the same as that between mu and ma (IE me t me) of the 1st person plural. The simplest form of the 1st person middle termination in Hittite is -ha (zahhiyahha) which occurs rarely beside the more usual - hart , hahari , This ending is represented in Sanskrit in the 1st person middle of the optative ( bhdveya ). Elsewhere there is a secondary ending -i ( dduhi , dkri) for which there are no parallels outside Indo-Iranian (Av. aojt, nipnght). It is clear from the agreements between Sanskrit and Hittite that the oldest nucleus of middle endings is common IE pro- perty. Further developments based on this show remarkable divergence, since Hittite shares with Italic, Celtic and Tocharian an element r which is not known to Sanskrit and Greek. In Hitt, this r, which appears with the addition of the primary -i of the present, is optional, e.g. 3 sg.' aria and ariari, 3 pi. aranta and arantari . It is clear that it must have been in the same way optional in Indo-European, and that in the further course