पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३३९

THE VERB 333 are as follows : S, I kartdhe, 2 kartase, D. i kartasvahe , 2 karta- sdthe, P. 1 kartasmahe , 2 kartadhve. §10. The Aorist The aorist is formed by seven different types of stem which fall clearly into two classes, non-sigmatic and sigmatic. Of the non-sigmatic types the root aorist (ddhdt) and the a-aor. (druhat) do not differ in their formation from the imperfects of the corresponding present classes (ay at, dtudat ), It has been pointed out that the two types of preterite, imperfect and aorist, have arisen by specialisation out of a system with un- differentiated preterite, and the continued existence of forms common to the two remains as an indication of this. The difference in function depends on whether a corresponding present exists or not. The reduplicating aorist is less closely connected with corresponding present stems and it has under- gone special developments of its own, but it cannot be separated in origin from the reduplicating type of present. On the other hand the various aorist s- stems are formations which are con- fined to this use, with the rarest exceptions (Av. naismi is a present from an s-aor. stem.) The Root- Aorist The root-aorist is abundantly represented in the Vedic lan- guage. The apophony differs from that which is regular in the imperfect in that guna of the root appears normally in all the persons of the active with the exception of the third person plural. The normal weak form of the root appears in the middle. Typical forms are; S. 1 dsravam, agant, dkar am, 2 dgds , dsres, akar (for akars), 3 dsrot, dsthdt, dkar (for dkart, cf. A v.cor 9 t), D. 2 agdiarn , dbhutam 3 dkartdm, adhatam, P. 1 dkarma , dddma, dhema, 2 dkarta , dgcita , ahetana , 3 (a) akran, dksan (, ghas -), agman, (b) adhur, dsthur , dkramur. Middle : S. 1 dkri, dyuji , 2 akrthds , agathas , ayukthds t 3 dkrta, dmata (man-), dyukta, D, 1 ganvahi (gam-), P. 1 dgan- mahi , dmanmahi (with strong form of root), ayujmahi, dhumahi , 2 acidhvam, ayugdhvam, 3 (a) akrata , dgmata , (b) ddrsran, abudhran , (c) ddrsram , abudhram . The root aorist of the root bhu- (which is conjugated only in the active) is anomalous in having the weak grade throughout : dbhuvam, abhus, dbhut, . , . dbhuta , abhuvan.