पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३४५

THE VERB 339 s-aorist are retained (the s-subjunctive). No trace of it appears in Germanic. Radical vrddhi is attested for the vowel e by Latin and Slavonic (Lat. vexl, O. SI. vesu : Skt. dvaksam from vah-) ; for roots in diphthongs there is no clear evidence. In Hittite there is no s-aorist any more than any other kind of aorist, but there are certain preterite forms in the 2 and 3 singular which have final -s : 2 sg. da-a-as ‘ you took tarna-a-s ‘ you put in da-is f you placed pa-is 4 you gave ' ; 3 sg. da-a-as ‘ he took da-a-is ‘ he placed ag-ga-as 4 he died etc. These forms consist of the verbal stem enlarged by the suffix -5 and have no personal ending proper, and beside them there are forms to which the personal terminations have been secondarily added : 2 sg. da-is -ta beside da-is, 3 sg. na-is-ta 1 lead ' beside na-i-is. These forms are compared to the s-aorist of other IE languages, but it seems unlikely that they are simply remains of a fully developed IE s-aorist system. In the first place we have seen reason to believe that the aorist in general has arisen by specialisation out of an undifferentiated preterite, and in this respect Hittite should represent an earlier state of affairs. Furthermore there is some agreement between Hittite and Tocharian on this point, since the latter language has also a certain type of preterite using an s- stem in the 3 sg. : A. prdkds, B. preksa * he asked and this coincidence does not seem to be fortuitous. Bearing these considerations in mind we may per- haps rather explain the IE s-aorist to be a post-Hittite forma- tion based on the extension to the whole paradigm of an s- suffix which was originally restricted to the preterite of certain persons (notably the 3 sg.) of one class of verbs. The is- Aorist Active, S. 1 dpdvisam, 2 dp dins, 3 dpdvit, D. 1 dpdvisva. . . . PL 3 dpdvisur ; Middle S. 1 dpavisi, etc. ... P. 3 dpavisata. This aorist has in the active vrddhi of the root if it terminates in a vowel [dpdvisam, atdrisam, dsdyisam) and guna in the case of medial i, u, r [drocisam, etc.). Both types occur from roots with medial a : dkdntsam ; dvadhit . In the middle the root has normally guna, but occasional forms with weak root occur : nudisthds , (opt.) rucisiya beside rocisiya, gmisiya, idhisTmahi. Just as the s-aorist is founded on certain s- stems which functioned as finite verbal forms, so the is- aorist is formed on stems in the compound suffix -i-s, cf. arocista beside roots -