पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३४७

THE VERB 341 i, u, r and a final consonant which combines with the s of the suffix to produce -ks- e.g. adiksat , dmrksat, amrksanta, avrksam , aduksat later adhuksai from dis - ' point tnrs- ' touch mrj- 1 wipe vrh- ' tear duh- ‘ milk 1 / It is rare in RV. (examples from 7 roots), which may suggest that it is an innovation, though from Iranian (O. Pers. niyapisam * I wrote down ') it appears to be of at least Indo-Iranian date. Nothing that can be exactly compared is found in the other IE languages. The Passive Aorist in -1 There exists a passive aorist in -i, used only in the 3rd person singular, which is independent of any of the foregoing aorist stems : djhdyi 1 was known adarsi f was seen ', etc. Unaug- mented forms (which appear in both indicative and injunctive use) are always accented* on the root syllable : srdvi, pddi t etc. Roots having i, u, r as medial vowel appear in the guna grade {aceti, dbodhi , asarji) ; elsewhere there is normally vrddhi (1 dgdmi , akdriy dstdvi, a&dyi), more rarely guna ( ajani , avadhi ). The formation is taken by some 40 roots in the RV., to which others are added later. It appears also in Iranian (Av. srdvi, O . Pers. addriy — Skt. srdvi, ddhdri), but not elsewhere in Indo- European. Neglecting the augment, which was a secondary and optional addition to preterite formations in Indo-European, it is clear that these forms are nothing more than old neuter i-stems, without any termination, which have been adapted to the ver- bal conjugation. §11. The Perfect Active, S. 1 cakdra , cakira , 2 cakdrtha, 3 cakdra, D. 1 cakrvd, 2 cakrathur , 3 cakratur , P. 1 cakrma , 2 cakra , 3 cakrur . Middle, S. 1 cakrd, 2 cakrsd , 3 cakrd, D. 1 cakrvdhe, 2 cakrdihe , 3 cakrdte , P. 1 cakrmdhe, 2 cakrdhvd , 3 cakrird . The perfect is formed from the root stem but this is char- acterised by (1) reduplication and (2) a special series of endings. The general principles of reduplication have already been de- tailed (§ 5). Of the types there enumerated the one adopted for the perfect is that which uses the vowel a (IE e) in the reduplica- ting syllable, with the proviso that in Sanskrit (as opposed to Greek, etc.) i and u are substituted before roots which contain such a vowel {tatdna : pipdsa , bubhoja ). Special features of the