पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३४८

THE VERB 34^ perfect reduplication, in addition to those mentioned above are as follows : (1) There is a class of roots in the Veda which re- duplicate with a long vowel : ctddhara , jdgara , mdmrjd , plpaya , itlt&va. This is mainly intensive reduplication, but in some cases the a of the normal reduplication has coalesced with an element elsewhere lost before the beginning of the root, e.g. in the per- fects of gr- 4 to awake ’ and mrj- ‘ to wipe 1 ; cf. Gk. iyelpto, ofiopyvvfu. (2) Two roots in u reduplicate with a instead of the usual u and in both this is associated with irregular weak form of root in the singular active ; babhuva , sasiiva from bhu- 4 to be 1 and su- f to give birth (3) Roots beginning with a nor- mally have d- (a + a) in the perfect, e.g., dda , asa from ad- 4 to eat 5 and as - ‘ to be A different type appears in the perfect of anj- 4 to anoint ' and as- 1 to attain * (variant root forms atns-, nas-) where an n which forms part of the root is repeated in the reduplication : dnanja , dnaje ; dndmsa, dnasd (cf. Ir. i-dn-aic ' he came '). This spreads by analogy to other roots including a number beginning with r- : dnarca , dnrcd from rc- or arc- to praise. (4) Roots beginning with i or u reduplicate with these vowels which in the strong forms of the active are pre- fixed to the guna grade of the roots with intervening -y- and -v- and in the w'eak grade coalesce with the radical vowels to form 1 and it : iyesa , isd , uvo'ca, Rce from is- 4 to seek ' and uc- ‘ to be accustomed (5) A similar type of reduplication appears in the case of one root beginning with ya- and a number beginning with va- w'hich reduplicate with i and u . These coalesce with i- and u- in the weak forms of the root to produce i and d : tydja, ijd from yaj- 4 to sacrifice ’ (weak form ij- in pass. ijydte, etc.), uvdca , lice from vac- 4 to speak ' (weak form uc- in ucydte y uktd etc.) ; similar forms from vap- ‘ sow r vad- 4 speak vas- 4 dwell ' and vah- 4 carry (6) Roots having a medial a before a single consonant, and beginning with a consonant that is unchanged in reduplication have the normal reduplica- tion only in the strong forms : tatdna , papdta from tan- f stretch ' and pat- 4 fall ' the weak forms of the perfect are made by substituting -e- for the a of the root : tend, tenur , peed , pecur. This is an innovation of Sanskrit wilich is by no means complete in the Vedic period ; the more original forms which occur are V. paptima , tatne, mamndte , etc. The type originated in certain roots which acquired such form through normal phonetic development, notably sad - 1 to sit ' where sedur stands regularly