पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३४९

THE VERB 343 for earlier *$azdur (cf. Av. hazdyat pf. opt.) and roots beginning with y- (yemur for *yaymur). (7) The root vid- * know J has no reduplication, and this is in accordance with the related lan- guages : Skt. veda, Gk. otSa, Goth, wait, etc. There are a few other sporadic cases of unreduplicated perfect forms in the Veda, e.g. taksathur , taksur, skambhaihur , skambhur , and three perfect participles formed without reduplication : ddivds- ' pious tnidhvas- 1 liberal 1 and sahvas- ' overpowering In apophony the perfect follows the normal type of verbal inflection, that is to say the strong form of the root appears in the three singular persons of the active, the weak form else- where. Normally the strong grade is guna (1 vavarta , cikeia, bitbodha) but wherever in the strong stem medial a appears be- fore a single consonant (1 sg. act. tatdpa , bibhdya, cakdra, etc.) vrddhi is substituted in the 3rd person sg., and in the later lan- guage optionally in the 1st ; tatdpa , bibhdya , cakdra , etc. This feature does not appear outside Indo-Iranian ; the majority of the languages show guna only, and by general agreement the o-grade of the root : Gk. yeyovc, etc. Original o-grade is attested also by Sanskrit, since certain roots which have under- gone the second palatalisation retain the original guttural in these perfect forms : cikaya, cikeia f jigdya, jaghana from ci- 1 gather cit- * observe ji - ‘ conquer ' and han- ' slay The weak forms of the root are the normal ones that result from the loss of the guna vowel : cakrd,jaghnd,jagmur , bubudhe , etc. Roots in d lose this vowel altogether in the weak forms as generally (t ia-dh-ur ), but before consonantal endings invariably insert the union vowel i (dadh-i-re) in contradistinction to the present. Samprasarana appears in such roots as vyadh- ' to pierce ’ and svap - ' to sleep ' ( vividhur , susupur ; their redupli- cating vowel goes with this form). In some roots having nasal in the strong form the weak form is marked by the absence of this nasal : cakradd from krand- 1 to roar On weak stems of the type ten- see above. For the personal terminations see § 6. There are not mamy complications. Instead of the normal endings roots in d ter- minate in -au in the 1 and 3 sg. of the active ; dadau t dadhau, tasthdu , jajndu from dd- * to give dhd- ' to place sthd- ' to stand jnd- ‘ to know ' (for IE *deddn-u , etc., with vrddhi be- fore laryngeal). The final u- element, which appears here in place of a personal termination, is found also in Latin, incor- M