THE VERB 349 occur in 2 sg. and 3 sg. and pi. In the 2 sg. the stem of thematic verbs functions as imperative without any addition in Sanskrit as in the related languages : bhara, Av. bar a, Gk. fcpz, Arm. her, Goth, batr, Ir. heir ; prcchd 1 ask Lat. posce ; dja ' drive Gk. aye, Lat. age , etc. With non-thematic verbs the ending is -hi, originally -dhi : ihl 'go', Av. idi, Gk. IBi. The original -rf/n appears in Sanskrit after consonantal stems ( viddhi ‘ know Gk. 108 1 , dugdhi ' milk etc.) and occasionally elsewhere, edht for *azdhi (cf. Av. zdl) from as - ' to be juhudht from hu- ' to sacrifice The Veda has further examples : srnudhi ‘ hear gadhi 'go', vrdhi ' cover The forms of the 3 sg. and pi. are made by the addition of a particle -u to the secondary endings : bhdvat-u , etc. Corre- sponding forms occur in Hittite : 3 sg. estu : Skt. dstu, kuendu, Skt. hantu ; 3 pi. asandu, Skt. sdntu ; kunandu, Skt. ghndntii , etc. In the hi-ve rbs which have no ^-ending in the 3 sg. present, this element u appears alone in the 3 sg. impv. : aku, aru from ak - ‘ to die at - ‘ to arrive 3 sg. pres, aki , ari. In the middle the termination of the 2 sg. is -sva. A corre- sponding formation is found only in Iranian : barayuha , Skt. bhdrasva ; kzrzsva, Skt. krsvd, etc. This -sva is considered to be the stem of the reflexive pronoun. The 3 sg. and pi. are made by the addition of -dm to the secondary endings and here too corresponding forms are found only in Iranian, vwpzyatam, xraoszntam . The few verbs which have inflections without t in the 3 sg. active (e.g. duhd , aduha) keep this feature in the 3 sg. impv. : duham, saydm. In the 3 pi. they have -ram with r as in the indicative : duhram , cf. 3 pi. mid. duhre. Compromise forms are duhratdm and seratdm. Beside the normal endings above there appears, particularly in the earlier language an ending -tat. This is indifferent to the distinction between active and middle and it appears most frequently used as 2 sg. : brutat 1 say dhattat 1 put dhavatat
- run vittat 1 know etc. It may also be used for other persons
and numbers : 1 sg. jdgrtdd ahdrn ' let me keep awake 3 sg. raja murdhanam vt pdtayatdt ' let the king cause his head to fall off 2 pi. dpah . . . devdsu nah sukfto brutat ' O waters, announce us to the gods as well-doers In the later language the use as 3 sg. tends to preponderate, but the total of examples as com- pared with the earlier language is small. This form of imperative appears also in Greek (as 3 sg.) and
