पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३५९

THE VERB 353 occasionally formed in the Veda from other stems : root-aorist, padlstd, mucista, a-aorist, videsta, reduplicated aorist, ririsista, perfect, sdsahisthds. In the Rgveda , as opposed to the later Vedic literature, very nearly the same state of affairs prevails in the active. Precative forms from the root aorist are numerous in the 2 sg. (which cannot in this case be distinguished from the ordinary optative) and in the 3 sg* In the 3 sg. no non-precative forms are re- corded. Outside these two persons there occur only 1 sg. bhuyasam and 1 pi. kriydsma (once each). Otherwise forms in ~yd only appear outside the 2 and 3 sg. It is clear that the two first person precatives are innovations of the later RV. period and that in the original inflection s was proper only to the 2 and 3 sg., and there always used, as in the middle. The inflection may therefore be compared to that of the Hittite verbs men- tioned above (§ io, S. 1 tarnahun , 2 tarnas , 3 tarnas, P. 1 tar- numen , 2 tarnatin , 3 tarnir) in which s functions as the common termination of the 2, 3 sg. but does not appear in the other persons. In its earliest form the Sanskrit precative, which is not to be distinguished from the optative of the root aorist, or in the middle from that of the sigmatic aorist, preserves this ancient characteristic of one class of secondary endings. On the other hand, in the rest of the conjugation, the optative has adopted the normal secondary endings in these two persons. The precative is thus one of the most archaic formations in Sanskrit grammar. §15. Secondary Conjugation Under secondary conjugation are classified certain forms of present stem which differ from the ordinary series of present stems because (1) they have acquired a special meaning and (2) they are normally taken by roots in addition to their ordinary presents. The four types of secondary conjugation are (1) passive, (2) intensive, (3) causative and (4) desiderative. They are all essentially present formations, and with certain exceptions their inflection in other systems consists of more or less sporadic innovations. I. The Passive The formation of the passive is closely connected with that of the fourth present class. It differs from the middle of that