पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३७८

THE VERB 372 In addition to the three types o f gerundive that appear in the classical language there are several formations in the same function that appear only in the Veda : (i) in -tva (normally pronounced as two syllables, -tuva) with accent and guna of root : kdrtva- 1 to be done jdtva ndntva vdktva etc. (ii) in -enya (- eniya -) ; drsenya , yudhinya , vdrenya , etc. (iii) in -dyya (trisyllabic) : panayya- ‘ to be praised, praise- worthy daksdyya- , sravayya etc. §21. Gerund or Indeclinable Participle This form of participle was analysed above as being a kind of adverbially used action noun. The type of participle is not familiar elsewhere in Indo-European and although the form is explicable through the normal IE processes of stem formation, its adoption in this particular syntactic use is in the main a development of lndo-Aryan. In the classical language the gerund is formed by means of the suffix -tva when the verbal root is uncompounded by pre- position, otherwise by the suffix -ya. In the Rgveda the latter suffix is in the majority of instances long (-yd) and this no doubt is the more original form, the suffix -yd making verbal abstracts being used adverbially in the same way as -tva. Other instances have been noted of final -d (-an) appearing as short a due to special circumstances of sentence sandhi (atra, etc.). Beside -tva the Rgveda also has a form -tvdya which appears to be a contamination of the two alternative forms just mentioned. It also has a form in -tv% (hitvi ' having left ', etc.) terminating in the suffix -i, wdiich is used in the same conditions as the -tva form and is commoner than it. This tvi- form though absent in Sanskrit, is continued in certain Middle lndo-Aryan dialects of the North-West and West, and was clearly a local dialectal feature of Old lndo-Aryan. Extended gerund forms in -tvdnam and -tvinam are mentioned as Vedic by the grammarians but examples of them have not been found in the extant literature. Middle lndo-Aryan has a common gerund in -tuna (gantiina) which appears to contain the same elements as - tvdnam , but with different apophony. The accusative of verbal action nouns in -a is used adverbially in constructions that resemble the gerund : imdny dngdni