46 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOKY OF SANSKRIT ' slack ' (out of *sithila-) and Skt. sithird- ( °la -) are parallel in- dependent developments from earlier *sr third- (srath- 4 to loosen '). A number of grammatical differences can be observed, though the loss of so much of the old inflection in Middle Indo- Aryan has eliminated much of this. Forms of the third plural atmanepada like Pa. vijjare 4 are seen ' ( > *vidyare) indicate that such r- endings were more extensively used in some Old Indo- Aryan dialects than in Sanskrit. Pa. jigucchati ‘ is disgusted * (Skt . jugapsate) shows i- reduplication of the desiderative in the case of roots containing the vowel -u- which is absent in San- skrit but known to Old Iranian (Av. cixsnusa- ‘ desire to please’) Pa. hardyati 4 is angry ’ continues an Old Indo-Aryan form bearing the same relation to Skt. hrnite as Vedic grbhdydti to grhnati. In viheseti 4 injures vihesd 4 injury ' « *vihesayati ,
- vihesd, J'hims-) Old Indo-Aryan forms unknown to Sanskrit
are represented. In Pa. sabbadhi 1 everywhere ’ an old adverbial termination is preserved which has a parallel in Gk. -Ot. Pa. kdhdmi 1 I will do ' represents an Old Indo-Aryan unit future
- karsydmi as opposed to Skt. karisyami . Pa. sdmam 4 oneself ',
which is unknown to Sanskrit, is the equivalent of Av. hdma- t O. SI. samii. Participial forms like mukka- 4 released runna- 4 weeping ' continue old formations in - na, as opposed to the Skt. formations in - ta . The Ardha-MagadhI participles in -mina seem to represent an ancient Indo-Aryan variant of Skt. - mana . The participle dinna - 'given' implies an old formation re- duplicating with i as in Greek ( *didami : Gk. S/Sayu )> The parti- ciples in -1 tdvin (vijitdvin- 4 who has conquered ') are an ancient formation equivalent to the -tavant- participles of Sanskrit. In etase 4 to go ' we have a Vedic type of infinitive not elsewhere found. The absolutives in -tuna (Pkt. °una), gantuna , etc., differ in apophony from the Vedic forms in - tvdna . Difference in apophony is frequently observable in stem formations : e.g. supina - ' dream '“Gk. vnvos as opposed to Skt. svdpna- with guna ; garu- 4 heavy ' has guna of the root as opposed to Skt. guru - ; compare in the same way turita- 4 hastening thina-
- slothful * ( < *stina-) with Skt. tvaritu sty ana-. Nominal stem
formations unrepresented in Sanskrit are not uncommon, e.g. Pa. nahdru - 'sinew', theta - 'firm' theva - ' drop ’<*sndru- t +$theta~, *$tepa- (stip- 4 to drip ') ; Pkt. mahana - 4 brahmin 9 (lit. ' great one '), cf. V. mihina - ' great
