पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/९३

86 PHONOLOGY yd the suffix of the fourth class. The simple root with guna appears in the aorist (dsat) showing the same development of an to d. Hitt. paM- * to protect ' is enlarged by an s- suffix, and when this is removed we see the same correspondence ah : d between this and Sanskrit pd -. Since the nominal and verbal suffixes d are identical, the same development an>d (as in novdre) is to be assumed in the case of the feminine suffix a (Lat. nova, Gk. via, Skt. ndvd), and this implies a similar de- velopment in the case of the long vowels % and u in nominal and verbal derivation, since the compound suffixes yd and vd must in the same way be derived from i + an and u + an, and the corresponding weak grades are for i- H and u- H. Another effect of h, observable in languages other than San- skrit, is the coloration of a succeeding vowel by h, producing notably a change from e to a. For instance the root which appears in Sanskrit as kri- ' to buy ' is to be set up for Indo- European as k™ri H-, and in Greek an original aorist form ek w rin- eto appears as iirplaro, the original presence of H being indicated by the a instead of e of the termination. Similarly from the root krun- (Skt. kru- in krurd-, etc.) an original esjos stem *kreunos appears in Greek as an -as-- stem, rcpias. The confusion of the .vowel qualities has eliminated such variation in Sanskrit, but there remain a number of other circumstances in which the presence of h can be detected, notably : (i) The older theory assumed a vocalic r and / (written f r , p and in other ways) before a following vowel in certain cases to account for correspondences like Gk. fiapvs ‘ heavy Skt. guru-, Goth, kaurus 1 id But there was no clear reason why the rule that these phonemes appear as vowels in intercon- sonantal position, but as consonants before and after vowels, should not be valid in this case. A restoration g w f nit- showing that the f originally occupied an interconsonantal position, accounts for all these developments. In most IE languages where f develops into a vowel (varying from language to lan- guage) + r, this combination remains before a vowel when h disappears, and similarly in the case of l. In Sanskrit the pro- cess is somewhat different, since here vocalic r normally re- mains, but when the loss of h would leave it before a vowel, its place is taken by the combinations it and ur. Iranian, which is usually so close to Indo-Aryan, differs markedly on this point, showing ar where Sanskrit has ir or ur . Examples of such words