PHONOLOGY 92 fore the same as that of the second palatal series : vdksi ' you wish * (vas-) like vaksyami ' I will speak ' (vac-). This is not a case of preservation of IE k (cf. Hitt, wek- ' wish ') but of its restoration. This is known for the following reasons : (1) Iranian continues to distinguish the two types of com- bination derived from IE guttural + s and from IE palatal f s : (a) vaksyami , Av. vaxsyd (wek m ~) ; ksatrd- 1 sovereignty 1 : Av. xsadra- ; ksap - * night 1 : Av. xsap- t cf. Gk. ; bhaks- ‘ partake of, eat 1 : Av. baxS- ‘ distribute ’ ; tvaks- ‘ to be active 1 : Av. Owaxs-, (b) kdksa- ' armpit 1 : Av, kasa ; fksa - ' bear ' : Av. arasa- ; ddksina - ‘ right ’ : Av. dasina cf. Gk. Sefioy, etc. ; maksu ' quickly ’ : Av. mosn, cf. Lat. mox rdksas- ' injury ' : Av. rasah- ; tabs- ' to construct in wood ' ; Av. tas-, cf. Hitt, taks- ' join etc. ; ksudh- ' hunger ' : Av. sitSa ; ksi- ‘ to dwell ksStra- 1 field ' : Av. si-, soidra- ‘ settlement (2) The evidence from Iranian that there were two combina- tions in early Indo-Iranian both represented in Sanskrit by ks is further confirmed by evidence provided by Sanskrit itself, In cases where the group is followed by t it gives k or s according to its origin : (a) dbhakta 3 sg. mid. s-aor. of bhaj- f cf. 1 sg. dbhaks-i ; cf. also bhaktd - ' food ' : bhaks - ' to eat ‘ ; (b) 3 sg. tdsti, caste from taks- s caks- ; nlrasta- ( castrated ' from niraks-, etc. When the group is final the sibilant is elided according to the general rule. When the k goes back to the guttural series it invariably remains : vdk nom. s. from *vdks, cf. Av. vdxs . When on the other hand the old palatal series is involved, although there are some instances of k ( °drk , °sprk, nom. sg. to °drs- t c sprS‘) the normal and regular treatment is -t : vit * settle- ment ' : vis- ; vipdt ' the river Beas 1 : vipds- ; spat ‘ spy ' : spas- ; r&t ' king * : rdj-, cf. Lat. rex ; °vat ' carrying 1 : vah-
- to carry etc. Here the anomaly of the A-forms is explained
by the dissimilatory influence of r in the vicinity. It is clear from this evidence that, where Sanskrit has a single combination ks, there were originally two different combina- tions. What immediately preceded ks in the prehistoric period ot Indo- Aryan where the palatal series is involved is made clear by the forms of the nom. sg. quoted above. Just as nom. sg. vdk is derived from earlier *vdks by regular loss of the final sibilant, in the same way vit is derived from *vits. At a period which probably did not very long precede the beginning of the re-
